This seems reasonable given digit ratio may be linked to androgen receptor gene structure ( Manning et al., 2003 Zhang et al., 2020) and testosterone response in some high stress challenges appears predicted by a low 2D:4D ( Kilduff et al., 2013a, b though it may not be in low-stress scenarios ( Kowal et al., 2020). Consequently, it is hypothesized that right 2D:4D can be predictive of testosterone responsiveness and, by extension, certain human behavior and performance. Additionally, prenatal testosterone exposure has organizing effects on the developing brain, and it potentially influences testosterone responsiveness later in life ( Coates et al., 2009 Coco et al., 2011 Alonso et al., 2018). Although the age at which right 2D:4D “stabilizes” is unknown, once it does it is constant throughout life ( Jeevanandam and Muthu, 2016) with change generally only through structural deformation such as when trauma to the hand occurs. Unsurprisingly, therefore, females typically have a higher 2D:4D ratio than males ( Manning et al., 2014 Alonso et al., 2018). Specifically, prenatal testosterone exposure is known to influence sexual dimorphism in utero (including 2D:4D) as early as the end of the first trimester ( Manning et al., 2014). The digit ratio is thought to be established during early prenatal development. One such observation is right hand second finger digit length relative to right hand fourth finger digit length, or second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D Manning et al., 2014 Alonso et al., 2018). Research in physical and social sciences has looked to physical and biological markers to predict or explain human behavior and performance ( Alonso et al., 2018). We argue 2D:4D is likely predictive of testosterone sensitivity and associated ability to focus attention a skill important to high achievement in various contexts. Journalists right minus left 2D:4D difference was significantly different to rugby players’ and surgeons ( p < 0.05). However, relationships exist for 2D:4D and pupillometry measures ( p < 0.05). Our results revealed 2D:4D was not predictive of testosterone and cortisol responsiveness to low-level exercise stress. Three experiments were conducted where we (1) explored relationships for 2D:4D with testosterone and cortisol responsiveness to low stress exercise, (2) explored relationships for 2D:4D with pupil constriction and pupil constriction latency (pupillometry measures related to testosterone and cortisol responsiveness and to attentiveness), and (3) compared 2D:4D between rugby players, surgeons, and journalists.
#2d 4d ratio left right professional#
This research, with niche and specialized populations, was intended to support and grow on knowledge obtained from other large population 2D:4D studies and help form a directional hypothesis for future work exploring finger digit ratio and “success.” Twenty-nine professional rugby players aged 25.1 ± 4.2 years, height 185.2 ± 6.3 cm and weight 101.9 ± 11.8 kg n = 16 orthopedic surgeons aged 55.3 ± 9.3 years with height 183.8 ± 10.2 cm and weight 90.8 ± 14.0 kg and n = 18 political journalists with age, height and weight of 38.8 ± 7.3 years, 182.8 ± 7.8 cm, and 84.4 ± 11.4 kg, respectively, were recruited. In this short report we explore the predictive nature of finger digit ratio (i.e., second/index finger length divided by fourth/ring finger length 2D:4D) and achievement.
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